The Caliphate A.S

The study historically examines the phenomenon of “al-tajmīr” (long-term military deployment) in the expeditions during the Rashidun and Umayyad periods, highlighting its political and social effects on the societies of the garrison cities, especially Iraq, which suffered greatly from this phenomenon during the Umayyad era.  The Umayyads adopted this military practice as a means of expanding their conquests into the neighboring eastern realms on the one hand, and as a tool to control political opposition in Iraq on the other. The subject is divided into three main sections , focusing on the following key points: 1. The concept of “al-tajmīr” in military expeditions, linguistically and terminologically. 2. The emergence of the phenomenon during the time of the Rashidun caliphs, its social and political effects, and the methods the caliphs used to mitigate its negative impact on Arab-Islamic society. 3. The political and social shift of the phenomenon during the Umayyad state, the wo...

"Al-Rawadif" is a historical term that appeared in Islamic sources, and its use became widespread from the beginning of the conquests in the Rashidun era until the Umayyad period. The term refers to the successive migrations of different branches of the same tribe, at different times, to one of the newly founded garrison cities (amṣār). The newly established cities during the Rashidun period—Basra, Kufa, and Fustat (Egypt)—suffered from this phenomenon. These migrations placed social and economic burdens on both the tribes already settled there and on the cities receiving the newcomers.  Tribal leaders and governors had to find urgent new solutions in terms of settlement and financial resources in order to provide acceptable living conditions, in comparison to the tribal branches that had been settled since the founding of the cities. This involved distributing stipends and provisions, granting land, and giving them the privileges enjoyed by residents of Iraq and other region...